Love ❤️(A magical feeling)

The feeling 

when he see her 

and skip some heartbeats

that's love ❤️

And when 

He don't see her

that feeling of 

uneasiness and breathlessness you feel that's love ❤️

And when 

He finally get a glimpse of her 

after a while 

and that feeling of relaxation and calm that's love ❤️

And when 

He is closer to her 

that feeling of 

proudness

that she belongs to you 

and you belong to her 

that's love ❤️

And when 

she is busy 

and he miss her 

and wait for her texts and calls 

hopelessly and then when she calls 

you forget everything 

and start losing yourself

in her beautiful voice 

that's love ❤️

And 

when she doesn't care 

about herself 

and he has to scold her not to take everything lightly 

the feeling of 

responsibility and right above her

that's love ❤️

And then 

when she is sad 

he bents hell down 

to bring that smile 

back in her face 

that's love ❤️

Those endless talks 

countless discussions 

cute little fights 

and the feeling of  

unconditional-foreverness 

that's love ❤️

History of Islamic Empire in South Asia part 4

SERIES ONE  (POST FOUR)

‘’NATURE OF GHAZNAVID STATE: INVADERS OR LIBERATORS’’

This is the fourth post of series one. Series One deals with the foundation of ‘’GHAZNAVID STATE’’, first state of Indian Muslims. In Post One, I have discussed the motives of this series. In Post Two, I have talked about a brief history of Caliphate from State of Medina to Abbasid Revolution- overthrowing the Umayyad Family from the position of Caliphs.  In post three, I have discussed ‘’Persian Renaissance’’, thirst for a Persian State, succession of Persianate Turks in state of Samanid and Ghaznavids’ beginning of battles for the liberation of slaves (Sudras) from slave owners (Brahmans). 

It will be futile to read further if you haven’t understood previous posts of this series yet. I have mentioned links, as follows, for you to connect the Post Four with the previous ones- 

Post 1- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=243717003474723&id=100035092741319

Post 2- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=243773003469123&id=100035092741319

Post 3- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=245797983266625&id=100035092741319

WHAT IS GHAZNA AND GHAZNAVID STATE?

 

Ghazna is a city in present day Afghanistan. In 977, Alp Tegin Bey, a military commander of province of Khorasan, conquered the city. Alp Tegin Bey’s son in law, Subug Tegin Bey, consolidated the rule of Ghazna and founded ‘’State of Ghaznavids’’. Both Alp Tegin Bey and Subug Tegin Bey ruled the Ghaznavid State as a ‘’Beylik’’, but, in the later phase of life, Subug Tegin Bey declared independence and Mahmood, son of Subug Tegin Bey, declared himself a ‘’Sultan’’. He expanded the City-State into a Sultanate, followed by the Muhammad of Ghor who ruled the Ghaznavid state at a peak.   

WHO ARE GHAZNAVIDS?

 

There are many reasons that I disapprove Hindu Historiography (both Liberal and Conservative) and Colonial Muslim Historians. Hindu Historians portrayed arrival of Muslims in India as ‘’invaders, cruel, cunning, looters and barbarian’’. Colonial Muslim Historians wrote to appease/impress Englishmen for petty jobs in government and portrayed the rule of Ghaznavids as ‘’backward, feudal and undemocratic’’. Therefore, I depart from both of these perspectives which, in my opinion, are full of lie, demonising Muslim rule and based on personal hatred for Islam. 

‘’Ghaznavids’’ is not an ordinary group of people. Their struggle was for Allah, Mohammad (PBUH) and Islam. They rose against the tyranny, barbarism and injustice. They didn’t envision rule on a principality or a Kingdom but the earth under a just system. They had no ambitions for imperialism under a family rule. Sanjak (Flag) of Islam was their vision, sky was their tent, and struggle for Allah’s words was their aim of life. They were the extra-ordinary people and gave birth to legendary heroes. In centuries to come after the foundation, a section of Ghaznavids will accomplish the mission to unite the earth under their banner and will be known as ‘’Cihan Padishah’’, the Emperor of World.

  

IS GHAZNAVID A DYNASTY? 

As opposed to Dynastic Rule, Ghaznavids rose with a ‘’New Vision’’ of a group of people, given by the Turks of Ghazna to unite the Fractured Islamic World-due to the wrong policies of Abbasids- and carry the flag of Islam to the far lands. However, majority of the historians are of the opinion that rise of Turks was a climatic event in the world history but Hindu, British and Colonial Muslim Historians wrongly portrayed the Ghaznavids, having no or less knowledge of Turkic Culture and Customs, and labelled them as a ‘’Dynasty’’ (Family Rule). Turkic Polity is based on ‘’Khanate’’, the chief administer is called ‘Khan’’ who is an ‘’Elected Monarch’’ to rule the administration. According to Turkic Historiography, idea of Presidential Form of Government is taken from ‘’Turco-Mongol Khanate’’, for instance, Boomin Khan of Gokturks and Gengiz Khan of Mongoloids.   

POLICY OF SUCCESSION IN STATE OF GHAZNAVIDS AND ROLE OF ‘’KURULTAY’’

Succession in Turkic Khanate was a process by the means of election in grand assembly of all tribes and was called ‘’Kurultay’’ in Turco-Mongol language. Tribal leaders and Beyliks used to play an important role in electing a Sultan and shaping the nomadic sultanate. To understand succession, it is necessary to understand the formation of state. Ghaznavid, or any other state, is not formed by one family but by the people of different tribes. Rule taken by one elected Monarch will pass on to his sons but in case of inefficient Sultans, Kurultay (assembly) will decide the future of state and elect a leader from among them. 

There was no hereditary succession except in cases that succeeding Sultan, son of the sitting Sultan is capable in ruling the state. However, succeeding Sultan could be challenged either through the assembly of emirs, viziers and noblemen (it was practiced in Delhi when Iltutamish was appointed at place of Aram Shah) or through the right of sword; leading to a civil war.  In many cases, ‘’Hereditary Succession’’ became a bone of contention and led to a civil war, leaving the state wounded, stranded and shattered. To avoid Civil Wars, even the ‘’Fratricide laws’’ were framed, as we see in Ottoman State, because the survival of state was foremost.  

POLICY OF LANGUAGE

State of Ghaznavids succeeded Samanid Empire which was a part of Persian Intermezzo. Persianisation of the regions of Khorasan and Transoxiana led to the formation of Turco-Persian Culture. Ghaznavids will retain Persian as a court language in the state except that language of the Military will be ‘’Turkic’’, as mentioned in my previous post that army of Khorasan (which was of Turks) will rebel to the Samanid Rulers. Ghaznavids continued to use Arabic in mosques, Persian as language of court, academics and literature, and Turkic as the language of military. When Turkic speaking army of state will come in contact with Apbhramsha speaking Hindus, a new language will take a shape, Hindustani, in next three centuries of rule which will also become a second language of court after Persian. Popular writers, like Amir Khusro, will kick off formalisation of Hindustani in his writings. In Turkic language, the word ‘’Ordu’’ refers to army and the language spoken by the Turkic Military in India will be known as ‘’Urdu’’, or Zaban E Lashkar or Hindustani.  We will discuss ‘’Development of Urdu’’ with details in upcoming post. 

POLICY OF RELIGION 

As Khorasan and Transoxiana (present day Western Pakistan, Northern Afghanistan, Northern Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uyguristan) were Turkic Lands, it is necessary to understand the polity, society and culture of the region in order to understand the Ghaznavids. They were the Tengirist, Shamanist and later Buddhist before converting to Islam. During Umayyad, Khorasan and Transoxiana were annexed to Caliphate. Apart from this, these lands are cradle of ‘’Sufism’’, it originated in Persia, culminated among Turks and they carried Sufis with them all over the world. Earliest Turkic Sufi, Khoja Ahmad Yesevi, played an important role in shaping the Turkic World. We will discuss about Sufis in state of Ghaznavids in separate chapter.  

Aren’t you wondered that Muslims in Turkey, Bosnia, Iran (before conversion to Shi’ite), Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Uyguristan, Balkans, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan and Russia are followers of ‘’Imam Abu Hanifa’’, or known as ‘’Hanafi’? During Persian Renaissance, scholars like Ibn E Sina, Al Bruini, Al Firdousi were attracted towards Persianisation of the region. Abu Hanifa Al Numan was a jurist and theologian of ‘’Persian Origin’’ and it was the reason enough to adopt the Jurisprudence of Abu Hanifa for the Persianate Empire. Persianate Turks, successor of Ghaznavids, like the Ottomans, Seljuk, Khwazarshah, Bahri Turkic Empire in Egypt, Mughals and many other dynasties in Turkistan will carry the Islamic Jurisprudence of Imam Abu Hanifa to the far lands as state policy. 

In East of Indus, the word ‘’Hindu’’ was used by the Samanid or Sasanian Empires for the people living on the banks of river Indus. It never referred to ‘’Hindu Religion’’, as we use it today. There was no such religion like Hinduism. India was a land of diversity in ritual and practices. Historically, word ‘Hind’ was used for the geography and ‘Hindu’ was used for the people living in ‘Hind’. After the arrival of Ghaznavids in India, twofold classification emerged - ‘’Turks and Hindus’’. Turks referred to the Muslims and Hindus to the Non-Muslims. Anyone other than Turk/Muslim began to be known as ‘Hindu’. This shift of meaning and practicing it for centuries will give the people of different ideologies a single identity, ‘Hindus’. Later, British will add ‘’ism’’ in this word and these different rituals will collectively come to known as ‘Hinduism’. Unknowingly, the Ghaznavids, and knowingly the British, laid foundation of modern day Hinduism. 

15th century mystic poet, Kabir Das, in his poetry will clear this twofold division- 

"हिन्दू कहें मोहि राम पियारा, तुर्क कहें रहमाना,

आपस में दोउ लड़ी-लड़ी  मुए, मरम न कोउ जाना!"

 

At a time when indigenous people of Indian subcontinent were given a single identity, Turks were taking pride in division on the basis of their homelands. People from Sherwan will be known as Sherwani, Kermani from Kerman, Ghorid from Ghor, Bukhari from Bukhara, Farghali from Farghana, Samarkandi from Samarkand and so on. This division among Turks on the basis of their homeland will transform into Caste System among Muslims. Turkic titular names like Khan, Beg, Mirza, will further strengthen the newly formed caste system. We will discuss about formation of Caste System among Turks in upcoming posts. 

GHAZNAVIDS: INVADERS OR LIBERATORS

British Historians, knowingly, laid the foundation and Hindu Historians constructed their communal agenda on the ruins of City-State Ghazna. The so called ’New World Order’ and ‘Creation of Nation-States’ is a century old hard work of English gentlemen. They occupied earth and created such a discourse that we are still fighting on it, even after dissolution of British Empire. A state, Ghazna, which was idealised by the Persian and Arab Historians, is now a matter of shame for Indian Muslims. First Ghaznavid Sultan, Mahmood was accused of plundering Hindu Temples by the British and they laid foundation of communal feelings, hatred and communal clashes among Hindus and Muslims in India (discourse of Babri Masjid also originated during British). The then Muslim Literatures idealised Sultan Mahmood for his extraordinary expansion from the west of Indus to Ganga which made him popular in Islamic World and this is the basis of British Historians’ discourse of plunders.   

Unfortunately, Muslim Historians, worst kind of opportunists, of the Colonial Era falls in the line with British, however, some of them tried to defend the Ghaznavids but their efforts were futile before the fancy words of English Gentlemen. Our own history was being manipulated, polluted and adulterated in front of us, in our own Red Fort, with support of ‘’Liberal Muslims’’. In absence of Turkic Records of Ghaznavids, so called ‘’Liberal Hindu’’ Academicians manipulated our historical facts as it suits them to communalise the majority. Hindu Communist Historiography will take a lead in creation of this hatred; they believe that Hindu and Muslims were in constant clashes since the Ghaznavids to British. Heroes of Sudras, the so called Dalit Panthers, in post independent India, believe that Sudras were brutally exploited in Ghaznavid State (that ruled from 977 to 1857). 

In my next post, I will discuss about the Expansion and Fracture of State, Successions of Sultans, Division, Successor States of Ghaznavids and Rise of Mongols. As far as the question of Ghaznavids as Liberator or Invader is concerned, I will discuss this question with detail in upcoming posts with reference to Caste System.

History of Islamic empire in South Asia Part 5

SERIES ONE  (POST FIVE)

‘’EXPANSION, FRACTURE AND SUCCESSORS OF GHAZNAVID STATE’’

It will be futile to read further if you haven’t read previous posts of this series yet. I have mentioned links, as follows, for you to connect the Post Five with the previous ones-

Post 1- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=243717003474723&id=100035092741319

Post 2-

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=243773003469123&id=100035092741319

Post 3- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=245797983266625&id=100035092741319

Post 4-

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=248331879679902&id=100035092741319

‘’’’STATE OF GHAZNAVIDS’’’’

HOUSE OF SUBUG TEGIN  

In 977 AD, Subug Tegin declared independence from Samanid and in 999 AD, Mahmood succeeded Subug Tegin. Although Turkic people were Nomadic but Ghaznavids borrowed administrative and judicial practices from Abbasid Caliphate, except Turkic Military, and will also adopt new practices according to the geography and culture. During reign of Mahmood (999-1030), Ghaznavids prospered in cultural, commercial and intellectual centre. They accepted suzerainty of Abbasid Caliph at Baghdad and hosted scholars like Al-Bruini and Al-Ferdousi. During last four years of Mahmood, expansion in boundaries will take the Oghuz Turks into the state, ancestors of Seljuk and Ottoman Turks. 

After the death of Mahmood, his nominated heir, Muhammad, will assume the position of Sultan but his twin brother, Masud, will rebel, that resulted into a Civil War and overthrowing Muhammad. Due to lack of leadership, his lack of vision and better decision making in Masud, Ghaznavid State began to disintegrate and will be partitioned under the two families between ‘House of Seljuk Bey’ and ‘House of Subug Tegin Bey’. Seljuk Turks were the descendant of Oghuz Turks, living on the North-Western border of State. Seljuk Bey was the leader of a powerful tribe and had converted to Islam and as most of the Oghuz Turks were in Ghaznavid State, Seljuk Turk under leadership of Tughral Bey, grandson of Seljuk Bey, approached Sultan Masud for ‘’permanent settlement’’ in a Turkic State. In response to Tughral Bey’s request, Masud took a foolish decision and sent an army to crush the Seljuk, fearing that powerful Seljuk tribe may intervene in his brotherly rivalry. Seljuk defended the tribe and also defeated the Masud’s army at ‘’Battle of Dandanqan’’, thereby Masud leaving western territories (present day Northern Iran) to Seljuk for permanent settlement.  

 

In frustration of defeat in battle, Masud imprisoned his defeated warriors which created a chaos in army. His reckless decisions led the army to revolt against him. Masud was overthrown and imprisoned. Muhammad was reinstated. In revenge, Masud’s son, Mawdud, assassinated Muhammad and crowned himself a Sultan. Due to this family rivalry, state was disintegrating; Seljuk, Delhi and other Beys in Azerbaijan were acting independently. Meanwhile, Buyid, a Shia Persian Dynasty was threatening existence of Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad. Seeing Ghaznavid State in disarray, Caliph sought help of House of Seljuk to supress the Buyids. In return, Caliph granted Seljuk independent Sultanate but Seljuk still continued working in coordination with Ghaznavid Rulers. 

Sultan Bahram Shah, last ruler in Ghazna, assassinated Qutub Ad Din, brother of Ala Ad Din, in public on minor offense. Ala Ad Din Husaiyn, a Non-Turkic Military Commander, was a Bey in principality of Ghor in Ghaznavid State. On assassination of his brother, he attacked Sultan Bahram Shah and seized capital, Ghazna. To protect Ghazna from Ghorids, Seljuk attacked on Ala Ad Din from west and restored capital for Bahram Shah but he could not hold it for long due to rivalry with Ghor and capital had to shift in Lahore (1163-1186). State was fragmented into two halves; House of Seljuk at West and House of Subug Tegin at East (in present day Pakistan and India). In the middle of Seljuk and Ghaznavid, Ghorids were raiding the territories of both. Ala Ad Din captured the capital of Ghaznavid in Lahore and executed Khusro Malik, the last ruler of House of Subug Tegin. The Great Ghaznavid State fell into the hands of Ghors. House of Ghor was a tiny Non-Turkic family in the Ghaznavid State and usurped the Mighty State, though for short. Harun Al Rashid, Caliph at Baghdad, legitimised the rule of Ghors but their rule soon will be challenged by Anush Tagin, one of the military commanders of Seljuk in Khwarazmian, and Qutb Ad Din Aiybak in Delhi.  

HOUSE OF GHOR

Muiz Ad Din Mohammad, also known as Muhammad Ghori, succeeded the mighty Ghaznavid State ruling from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, North India, Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. When Muhammad Ghori was assassinated in 1206, it gave Turkmen Military Commanders an opportunity to crush the House of Ghor. From West, House of Khwarazmian, Anush Tagin, and from East, In-charge of Delhi, Qutub Ud Din Aibak, rushed towards Ghazna to capture the Capital. They failed to recapture Ghazna but Anush Tagin declared independence from Ghor and Aiyabak rejuvenated Lahore, the last capital of state and declared independent rule from Lahore. 

‘’’’’’DIVISION OF STATE OF GHAZNAVIDS’’’’’’

House of Ghor fell into a civil strife for succession and had to recognise independent rule of both Anush Tagin and Qutub Ad Din Aiybak. Although the rule of Ghor was short lived and Turkmen successfully recaptured the state but it changed the course of history in east and west. State of Ghaznavids was divided into two halves; House of Anush Tagin at West and House of Aibak in East. 

 

‘’’’STATE OF GHAZNAVIDS AT EAST’’’’

Qutub Ad Din Aiybak, a Military General and in-charge of Delhi was born in Turkestan (an ancient place in Transoxiana). Barbaric Rulers in Central Asia used to capture the Turks and sell them in Caliphate and Byzantines. Muslims in the Caliphate used to buy these slaves and adopt them as their own children. Slaves in Islamic State are no longer Slaves as British Historians write them. Therefore, I have reservations with the usage of word ‘’Slave’’ for succeeding Sultans in Eastern Ghaznavids. Basically, the term ‘’Slave’’ is insulting the very nature of Caliphate and Islamic Empires.

 

Qutub Ad Din consolidated the rule of East (Delhi). Aiybak was succeeded by Aram Shah. As I discussed in previous post, ‘’Kurultay’’ (assembly of Turkic Nobles) assemble to elect the next Monarch. Iltutamish, a Military Commander in Badaun, was elected Sultan to rule the newly consolidated State of Ghaznavids. After the election of Iltutamish, capital was shifted from Lahore to Badaun for four years (1210-1214), later he shifted capital from Badaun to Delhi and Eastern Ghaznavid State will become Delhi Sultanate. Iltutamish got married with the widow of Qutub Ad Din to unite the Turks in his rule. Rukun Ad Din, son of Iltutamish, will succeed his father but he will leave his mother, Shah Turkan, to rule on Sultanate. 

*As the focus of my writings is only present day India, I will discuss about Eastern State of Ghaznavids in upcoming posts. 

   

‘’’’STATE OF GHAZNAVIDS AT WEST’’’’

HOUSE OF SELJUK

In West, Anush Tagin recaptured the Seljuk State from House of Ghor after the assassination of Muhammad Ghor. Seljuk State was founded by two brothers, Tughral Bey and Chagtri Bey, grandsons of Seljuk Bey. Kinik Tribe of Seljuk Bey was a militarily organised tribe with a complete state system. After Battle of Dandanaqan (1940), Tughral Bey secured lands in Ghaznavid State. Alp Arsalan, son of Chaghri Bey, succeeded Tughral Bey and expanded Tughral Bey’s holding by adding Armenia and Georgia. Battle of Manzikert (1071) was turning point for the Seljuk. In this Battle, they gave a decisive defeat to Byzantines and seized Anatolia (present day Turkey), it was an entry of Turks in Asia Minor. Alp Arsalan allowed migrating Turkic Tribes to settle in Anatolia and ‘’Turkification’’ of the region. He authorised the Turkmen Military Generals to carve their own principalities in Anatolia as Atabegs (Beyliks). The Launch of First Crusade (1141), people’s crusade, was a reaction to the defeat of Byzantines in Manzikert. 

Alp Arsalan was succeeded by his son, Malik Shah. Malik appointed Nizam Ul Mulk and Taj Ul Mulk as his Vizier. Nizam Ul Mulk is still debatable in India for his book ‘’Siyasatnama’’. Reign of Malik Shah was the Golden Age of Seljuk. His Vizier, Nizam Ul Mulk founded Nizamiyyah University. After Malik Shah’s death, Ahmad Sanjar was enthroned as Sultan in 1118. Although First Crusade was supressed by Seljuk but they lost territory of Nicea, Konya, Kayseri, Antakya (Antioch) and also the Holy Lands, Palestine, to crusader where they established ‘’Crusaders Kingdom’’. Ahmad Sanjar died in 1157 and Eastern Half of the Sultanate was recaptured by the House of Ghor and Western Atabegs (in Anatolia, Syria, Lebanon) either became ‘’independent’’ or ‘’lost territories to Crusaders’’.

HOUSE OF KHWARAZMIAN 

 After the death of Muhammad Ghori, Anush Tigin Bey, Military Commander of Seljuk at Khwarazmian, succeeded to recapture Western-half of Ghaznavid State under his rule.  He was appointed by Seljuk at Khwarazmian as vassal. After securing formerly Seljuk Sultanate from Ghor, he ruled from Gurganj, Samarkand, Ghazna and finally, Tabriz. Anush Tigin Bey was was succeeded by his son, Qutub Ad Din Mohammad I. They couldn’t consolidate all territories of formerly Seljuk. Western ‘’Beyliks’’ (Provinces) became independent like Sultanate of Rum, Zengids. 

SECOND CRUSADE (1147-1149)

Beyliks who had got independence were- Sultanate of Rum (Turkey and parts of Syria), Khorasani Seljuk, Kermani Seljuk, Salghrid in Iran, Atabegs of Azerbaijan, Atabeylik of Bori in Syria, Ababeylik of Zengi in Al Jazira (Mesopotamia).

 

Atabeg Zengi consolidated his rule and managed to form an alliance with other Atabegs. After consolidating his rule, he moved towards the lost territories of Seljuk to crusaders and recaptured some of them. 

In response to Zengi’s retaliation, Byzantines launched Second Crusade. Atabeg Zengi successfully crushed the Crusade and expanded his Beylik in Egypt. After death of Zengi, he was succeeded by his son, Nur Ad Din. 

Nur Ud Din appointed Shihrukh, a Military Commander in Egypt. Shihrukh and his brother, Najm Ad Din Ayyub, established themselves as vassals of Nur Ad Din in Egyptian territories. 

HOUSE OF AYYUBIDS

Yusuf, popularly known as Salahuddin Ayyubi, succeed his uncle, Shihrukh, and declared himself a Sultan. He also rebelled against Nur Ud Din, executed him and married his widow. Saladin rose to rank in Islamic World due to his military campaigns against Crusaders. He abolished Fatimid Caliphate and realigned the territories with Abbasid Caliphate. In Battle of Hatin (1187), he took control of Palestine from Crusaders, including Jerusalem after 88 years.  Saladin’s descendants weren’t capable rulers and lost to Kipchak Turks. 

HOUSE OF KIPCHAK TURKS (MAMLUKS)

Last and 7th ruler of Ayyubids, As Salih Ayyub, was a weak ruler and facing tough challenges from crusaders. Kipcak Turks, known as Mamluk in Arabic, formed a big army in Egypt against the Crusades. Upon the death of As Salih, his widow, Al Malika Asmat Ad Din, proclaimed herself a Sultana and married the Turkic Military Commander, Izz Al Din Aiybak. After death of Al Malika, Aiybak became the ruler, then his son Al Mansur Ali. Mansur was succeeded by his son, Said Ud Din Qutuz.

   

ARRIVAL OF MONGOLS IN CALIPHATE

Rise of Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, will change the course of history for Islam and Turks. Except Eastern Ghaznavid State (Delhi Sultanate), Mongols will usurp all the successor states of Ghaznavids; Atabegs of Azerbaijan, Khwarazmian Shah, Khorasani Seljuk, Transoxiana, Zengids and Sultanate of Rum. They came like a storm on all Islamic Lands and butchered everyone who met them on the route. The Capital, Baghdad, was fallen, Caliph was mercilessly butchered and Mongols were on the outskirts of Medina and Mecca. Succeeding Abbasid Caliph took refuge in Cairo, under the patronage of Kipchak Turks. 

Historians are of the opinion that it was a turning point for both Islam and Christianity. After finishing Muslims, Mongols were to move towards Byzantines but Muslims not only protected Islam but Christianity too from the wrath of Mongols that day. Kipchak Turks, rulers of Egypt, gave a decisive defeat to Mongols in Battle of Ain Jalut, at the outskirts of Medina. This defeat shocked Mongols, a first ever defeat in Islamic Lands. Mongol Army led by Kitbuga Noyan, a Naiman Turk, was badly defeated by Mamluks. 

From the East, Eastern Ghaznavid State (Delhi) will push the Mongols. From South, Kipchak Turks, after Battle of Ain Jalut, will push northward. From the West, a relatively small and independent Beylik, Osman Ghazi, successor of Ghaznavid State at Westernmost border, will push eastward. From the North (Present Day Western Russia), Berke Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, converted to Islam and pushed the Mongols to retreat.  

Haulage Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan got stuck in the Islamic Lands from North, South, East and West. Mongols, butchers of Muslims, too will end up embracing Islam. In History, no one has harmed Muslims the way Mongol did but after embracing Islam, ‘’Turco-Mongol’’ will rule the earth together for centuries.   

 

EASTERN GHAZNAVID STATE (DELHI SULTANATE); A REFUGE OF TURKS/MUSLIMS

The heart of Islam, Baghdad, in the hands of Mongolian enemy, Delhi had a role to play. Migration from all successor states of Ghaznavids took place in East, Eastern State of Ghaznavids (Delhi). Turks in India will form a powerful resisting wall that Mongols could not get through it. 

In upcoming post, I will discuss about the origin of Turks in Central Asia, Turkification of Turan, foundation of Gokturk Empire, Civil War in Turkic Khanate, Disintegration of Gokturks, Annexation of Turkistan in Caliphate, Rise of Mongols and how the Mongols pushed Turkic/Muslim Migration in State Ghaznavids (Delhi).

Turkey

Brothers, my last and concluding remarks- 

1. I believe that Turkey can Legally repeal the Law that was passed by Kemal Paşa. There is no hurdle in it. 

2. Neo-Ottomans have a better understanding of Islam, neither liberal not extremist. 

3. Technology, Turkey is a very advance country. 

4. After Treaty of Lussane is terminated, Turkey will rise as economic giant. 

5. Turkey is connected with historical Ottoman Caliphate. 

6. Neo-Ottomans have a better outreach and their media is highly advanced in Muslim World. 

7. Constantinople (Istanbul) has a historic symbol. 

8. Turkey is the only country which has got support even of Shia. 

9. Pakistan, a Nuclear Power, has supported Turkey. 

10. Iran, a Missile Power, is supporting Turkey. 

11. Malaysia, Indonesia and other Island Muslim Nations are in support of Turkey, very important to rule Sea. 

12. They are going as per the plan. 

As for now, why haven't they made it Caliphate? 

They are waiting for termination of Treaty of Lussane. 

History of Islamic empire in South India Part 3

SERIES ONE  (POST THREE)

‘’Formation of Ghaznavid State’’

 

This is the third post of series one. Series deal with the foundation of ‘’Ghaznavid State’’, first state of Indian Muslims. In Post One, I have explained the motives of this series. In Post Two, I have explained a brief history of Caliphate from State of Medina to Abbasid Revolution- overthrowing the Umayyad Family from the position of Caliphs.  If you haven’t read my previous posts yet, I have mentioned links, as follows, to read in order for you to connect the Post Three-  

Post 1- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=243717003474723&id=100035092741319

Post 2- 

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=243773003469123&id=100035092741319

 Abbasid Revolution was not a result of day one. Preparation for the rebellion against the Umayyad, in fact, began right after the Karbala. Is it possible that the Muslims forgive the enemy of House of Mohammad and transformation of Caliphate from Islamic Principles of electing Caliph through Mashawarat to Hereditary appointment? ‘’Arab Hegemony’’, however, a few will disagree, was a factor, at least, in the regions of Persia and Khorasan (include Transoxiana as well), two major Ajami bloc in Caliphate with more Warrior History and Clans. 

 Abu Al-Abbas As Saffah was a Military Commander during the rule of Umayyad’s Sitting Caliph, Marwan II. Al-Abbas rebelled against Marwan and defeated him in a battle near Zab River, North of Baghdad- ended Umayyad Rule. After the accession to the Caliphal Authority, Al-Abbas will change Capital from Damascus (Harran) to Kufa, Anbar and finally, Baghdad for the reasons that majority of his supporters/the rebels were the Persians (Persia was always a Sunni region, recently converted to Shia) and Khorasani. Abbas appointed ‘’Abu Muslim Al Khorasani’’ his Military Commander. Saffah restructured the Caliphate on lines of Iranian/Sasanian lines like the reformation in Bureaucracy, Army, King-size Caliphal Life Style- officially ending ideals of Omar Ibn Al Khattab- and adopting Persian as Second Language. Rustom, Pre-Islamic Persian Holy Warrior, began to be immortalised at place of Salman the Persian, a companion of Mohammad (PBUH).

 It is said that Khorasan never forget favours and betrayals so will be the case with Abassids. Abbasid betrayed the rebel forces by again making the Caliphal Authority Hereditary. Before death, As Saffah appointed his brother, Al-Mansur, and following him, his nephew, Isa Ibn Musa as succeeding Caliph. The Second betrayal for Khorasan was the ‘’assassination of Abu Muslim Al Khorasani’’, the Military Commander, by Al-Mansur, the new Caliph, fearing that Abu Muslim will rebel to the hereditary succession. Uproar, in Khorasan, was brutally supressed and legendary warriors will be butchered mercilessly by Al-Mansur. 

 I think the history of Muslims would have been different if Abu Muslim were not to be assassinated. Khorasan will remember, forever, and will make the ‘Seat of Caliphate’ a grave for Abbasids, until the Ottomans, siblings of Ghaznavids and children of Khorasan, assume the seat. These legendary children of Tur will rebel at the right time and the right opportunity in the years to come. Historically, Turan is an ancient land that include present day Northern Iran, Northern Afghanistan, western half of Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Uyguristan, and Kazakhstan. After Turkification of Turan, it was dominated by Turks for centuries. Firdausi, in Shahnameh, Epic of Kings, writes about Rustom and Afrasiyab. Many Turkic People have claimed themselves to be the descendants of Afrasiyab.   

 7th Caliph of Abbasid Family, Al-Mamun, was an infamous Caliph because he supported Mu’tazilism, imprisoned Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and killed many religious scholars. During a civil war, a Military Commander, Tahir Ibn Husaiyn, helped Al-Mamun to assume position of Caliph against his step brother, Al-Amin. In reward, Al-Mamun appointed him ‘Governor of Khorasan’. After Husaiyn, his descendants assumed the positions and finally declared ‘Independent Emirate’ of ‘’Tahirid Dynasty’’.  It was the first Independent Persian ‘Emirate’. The dynasty adopted Persian as Informal Language, used to speak outside the court, and Pahalvi Script to write Persian. It was succeeded by ‘’Saffarid Dynasty’’ which, in real sense, kicked off ‘’Iranian Intermezzo’’ (Persian Renaissance), on ruins of which all the Sultanates of East and West will be founded in future. Persian was adopted as Court Language and Literature both. Weak Caliphs were forced to ‘’Negotiate’’ with Saffarids and granted them Independent Kingship because Abbasids already had lost the support of Khorasan and Persians were more attracted to the dynasty that kicked off ‘Iranian Intermezzo’. 

 In 900, Ismail Samani, at the Battle of Balkh, defeated Saffarids and assumed the power of the Sultanate. Samanids considered themselves the descendants of Pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire. It was the first completely independent Persian Kings like kingdom.  They, revived Persian Culture more than Buyid Dynasty, a Shia Persian Dynasty emerged after them, and, were in rivalry with the Arab Caliph in Baghdad. Samanids were also a part of ‘’Iranian Intermezzo’’ and they also made few advances that they imposed Persian Language and Culture on Non-Persian subject too in the Sultanate. That, in turn, will lead to formation of ‘’Turco-Persian Culture’’ because the Sultanate ruled on Persia (Southern Iran), Khorasan and Transoxiana (on all lands of Turks). These legendary Turco-Persian children in Khorasan will take seat of Caliphate form Abbasid in centuries to come. They will rule from Bangladesh to Bosnia and Russia to Africa under one flag and will assume the title from ‘’Amir Ul Momineen’’ to ‘’Jahan Padishah’’ (Emperor of the World).  

 Alp Tagin, a Semi- Nomadic Turkic Muslim, was a Military Commander of Turkic Army in Khorasan, and ‘’nominal vassal’’ in Samanid Empire, conquered Ghazna in 962 from Lawik Dynasty. Alp Tagin died shortly after conquering Ghazna. Then, Ghazna was consolidated by his son in law, Subug Tegin. He ruled from the capital, Ghazna, twenty years with a title, the most Noble Commander. Samanids facing challenges from Baghdad and other warlords on western/eastern borders were becoming weak. ‘Karakhanids’’ in Transoxiana rebelled against Samainds and gave an opportunity to consolidate the rule in Ghazna to Subug Tegin. After having taken control of southern provinces (today’s Afghanistan), he consolidated rule of Ghaznavids in whole province of Khorasan and Transxiana. Just like Ertugrul Ghazi, in 1235, who founded Sogut and his son expanded it in Ottoman Empire, Subug Tegin founded Ghazna, in 977, and his son, Mahmood, will expand Ghaznavid Sultanate from Tigris to Ganges (Bangladesh to Eastern Border of Turkey, Syria and Iraq) and Mawra E Nahar to Persian Gulf (From Kazakhstan to Persian Coasts). 

 In Turkic Historiography, Ghaznavid Empire, a precursor of all Muslim Turkic Empires, has foremost importance because it was the first independent Muslim Turco-Persian Empire emerged after Gokturk Empire (first largest empire on earth), a Buddhist Turkic Empire and will unite ancient lands of Turan (Land of Turks). Apart from this, section of legendary children of Ghaznavids, later came to be known as Ottomans, will move westward, due to the rise of Mongols in east, whose descendants will claim the authority of Caliphate in centuries to come. Lastly, Ghaznavids, the Holy Warriors of Turan, will move East of Indus ‘’to liberate Dalits from slavery of Brahmans’’ and to settle in India forever that will form a New Civilisation on Earth, the ‘’Ganga Jamuni Taheeb’’ and give birth to ‘’Urdu Language’’.       

Allama Iqbal said- 

Dasht To Dasht Hain, Dariya Bhi Na Chhode Hamne, 

Behr E Zulmaat Mein, Doda Diye Ghode Hamne.

aaj ka gyan ...

Thinking through your own thoughts before just blurting them out is no philosophy. It's a conscious decision/choice whereby you take individual responsibility to your opinions. Sloppy, herd opinions tend to confuse even the one who uttered it when he/she is questioned further. 

~khadija rahman

Hindus in muslim countries

6.3 million Hindus live and work in Saudi Arabia.

1.6 million in Oman.

1.1 million in Kuwait.

0.9 million in Bahrain.

1.3 million in Qatar

9.0million in UAE!

Also hindus live in Malaysia, Indonesia in millions

5 million hindus live in Pakistan

5 million in Bangladesh

And in many more muslim countries

No one forced and told any Hindus to say "Allah Hu Akbar" Or to go back to India.

No one threatened or harmed a single Hindu in the name of Religion.

Several Hindus live next to mosques in Gulf, they have no problems.

Not a Single Incident Of Mob Lynching Happened With Any of those Hindus.

*-Why Hindu extremists are lynching Muslims in India?*

*-Who is responsible for this?*

*-Has India taken any tangible actions to stop this barbarianism?*

*-Has India punished the responsible culprits and facilitators?*

*-What role has UNESCO/UNO played to stop this brutal abuse?*

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